Bifidobacterium longum is a foundational, genetically diverse member of the infant gut microbiome, yet resolving its subspecies in metagenomic data remains challenging. Here, we performed a deep phylogenetic characterization of the B. longum species utilizing 4,577 fecal metagenomes from the LLNEXT mother-infant cohort alongside a global dataset of 1,220 genomes and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). We identified a novel, geographically widespread lineage: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. nexti . Using a polyphasic taxonomic analysis, including average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization, confirms subspecies-level divergence. Distinct from other members of the B. longum species, BL. nexti harbors α-amylopullulanase and grows on soluble starch and often pullulan, consistent with α-glucan utilization. Within the LLNEXT cohort, BL. nexti is enriched in formula-fed infants and shows evidence consistent with vertical transmission. Globally, while BL. nexti is geographically widespread, it usually persists at low relative abundance across diverse populations. By resolving a major fraction of previously unclassified B. longum diversity, this study provides new insights into the specialized lineages and ecological dynamics driving the assembly of the developing infant microbiome.